Here’s what rare earth minerals are found on the ocean floor, where they are, who is doing the mining and how

Jeffrey A. Newman Many rare earth minerals have been found on the ocean floor including yttrium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium and other rare earth elements are found embedded within polymetallic nodules, cobalt rich crusts and hydrothermal vent deposits. These are critical for electronics, renewable energy technologies and defense applications....
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Countries other than China that have the capacity to mine and process rare earth minerals and efforts to explore the U.S. reserves

Jeffrey A. Newman China has halted its sale of rare earth minerals to the United States. In early April, Beijing engaged major export controls on seven rare earth elements used in everything from laser-guided weapons to MRI machines. The restricted elements include samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium—require...
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Mongolia has extensive deposits of rare earth minerals including copper, Neodymium, Cerium Samarium and it is helping the U.S.

Jeffrey A. Newman Mongolia, which borders China, is one of the world's most promising countries for rare earth elements (REEs), with estimated reserves ranging from 21 million to 31 million tons, potentially making it second only to China in terms of total reserves.Ā These resources are distributed across multiple deposits,...
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